VO2max

Fitness can be measured by the volume of oxygen you can consume while exercising at your maximum capacity. VO2max is the maximum amount of oxygen in millilitres, one can use in one minute per kilogram of body weight. Those who are fit have higher VO2max values and can exercise more intensely than those who are not as well conditioned. Numerous studies show that you can increase your VO2max by working out at an intensity that raises your heart rate to between 65 and 85% of its maximum for at least 20 minutes three to five times a week. A mean value of VO2max for male athletes is about 3.5 litres/minute and for female athletes it is about 2.7 litres/minute.

Factors affecting VO2max

Vo2maxThe physical limitations that restrict the rate at which energy can be released aerobically are dependent upon:

  • the chemical ability of the muscular cellular tissue system to use oxygen in breaking down fuels
  • the combined ability of cardiovascular and pulmonary systems to transport the oxygen to the muscular tissue system

There are various physiological factors that combine to determine VO2max for which there are two theories: Utilization Theory and Presentation Theory.

Utilization theory maintains that VO2max is determined by the body's ability to utilize the available oxygen whereas Presentation Theory maintains it is the ability of the body's cardiovascular system to deliver oxygen to active tissues.

A study by Saltin B, Rowell LB. concluded that it is the deliver of oxygen to active tissues that is the major limiting factor to VO2max. A study by Gollnick PD et al. showed a weak relationship between the body's ability to utilize the available oxygen and VO2max.

VO2max for various groups

The tables below detail normative data for VO2max (ml/kg/min) in various population groups.

Non Athletes

Age Male Female
10-19 47-56 38-46
20-29 43-52 33-42
30-39 39-48 30-38
40-49 36-44 26-35
50-59 34-41 24-33
60-69 31-38 22-30
70-79 28-35 20-27

Athletes

Sport Age Male Female
Baseball 18-32 48-56 52-57
Basketball 18-30 40-60 43-60
Cycling 18-26 62-74 47-57
Canoeing 22-28 55-67 48-52
Football (USA) 20-36 42-60  
Gymnastics 18-22 52-58 35-50
Ice Hockey 10-30 50-63  
Orienteering 20-60 47-53 46-60
Rowing 20-35 60-72 58-65
Skiing alpine 18-30 57-68 50-55
Skiing nordic 20-28 65-94 60-75
Soccer 22-28 54-64 50-60
Speed skating 18-24 56-73 44-55
Swimming 10-25 50-70 40-60
Track & Field - Discus 22-30 42-55  
Track & Field - Running 18-39 60-85 50-75
Track & Field - Running 40-75 40-60 35-60
Track & Field - Shot 22-30 40-46  
Volleyball 18-22   40-56
Weight Lifting 20-30 38-52  
Wrestling 20-30 52-65  

Tables adapted from: Wilmore JH and Costill DL. (2005) Physiology of Sport and Exercise: 3rd Edition. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics

Athlete's Vo2max Scores

The following are the Vo2max scores for a selection of the top female and male athletes.

VO2max (ml/kg/min) Athlete Gender Sport/Event
96.0 Espen Harald Bjerke Male Cross Country Skiing
96.0 Bjorn Daehlie Male Cross Country Skiing
92.5 Greg LeMond Male Cycling
92.0 Matt Carpenter Male Marathon Runner
92.0 Tore Ruud Hofstad Male Cross Country Skiing
91.0 Harri Kirvesniem Male Cross Country Skiing
88.0 Miguel Indurain Male Cycling
87.4 Marius Bakken Male 5K Runner
85.0 Dave Bedford Male 10K Runner
85.0 John Ngugi Male Cross Country Runner
       
73.5 Greta Waitz Female Marathon runner
71.2 Ingrid Kristiansen Female Marathon Runner
67.2 Rosa Mota Female Marathon Runner

VO2max and age

As we get older our VO2max decreases. A study by Jackson AS et al. found the average decrease was 0.46 ml/kg/min per year for men (1.2%) and 0.54 ml/kg/min for women (1.7%). The decline is due to a number of factors including a reduction in maximum heart rate and maximum stoke volume.

VO2max and performance

VO2max on its own is a poor predictor of performance but using the velocity (vVO2max) and duration (tlimvVO2max) that an athlete can operate at their VO2max will provide a better indication of performance.

VO2max evaluation tests

An estimate of your VO2max can be determined using any of the following tests:

Improving your VO2max

The following are samples of Astrands (a work physiologists) workouts for improving oxygen uptake:

  • (1) - Run at maximum speed for 5 minutes. Note the distance covered in that time. Let us assume that the distance achieved is 1900 metres. Rest for five minutes, and then run the distance (1900 metres) 20% slower, in other words in six minutes, with 30 seconds rest, repeated many times. This is equal to your 10 Km pace
  • (2) - Run at maximum speed for four minutes. Note the distance covered in that time. Rest for four minutes. In this case, we will assume you run a distance of 1500 metres. Now run the same distance 15% slower, in other words in 4 minutes 36 seconds, with 45 seconds rest, repeated several times. This approximates to a time between the athlete's 5 Km and 10 Km time
  • (3) - Run at maximum effort for three minute. Note the distance covered in that time. The distance covered is, say 1000 metres. Successive runs at that distance are taken 10% slower or at 3 minutes 18 seconds, with 60 seconds rest, repeated several times. This approximates to your 5 Km time
  • (4) - Run at maximum effort for five minutes. Note the distance covered in that time. The distance covered is 1900 metres. Rest five minutes. The distance is now covered 5% slower with one and a half minutes rest. This is approximately 3K pace for you, i.e., five minutes 15 seconds/1900 metres
  • (5) - Run at maximum effort for three minutes. The distance covered is 1100 metres. When recovered, the athlete then runs the same distance 5% slower, i.e., three minutes nine seconds/1100 metres, with one minute rest, repeated several times. This is at 3 Km pace

When and how often

It is suggested that in the winter sessions (1) and (2) are done weekly, and in the track season sessions (3), (4) and (5) are done weekly by runners from 800 metres to the half-marathon. Although it would be convenient to use the original distance marks made by the duration efforts, this does not take into account the athlete's condition before each session, so the maximum effort runs must be done on each occasion when they may be either more or less than the previous distance run. The maximum duration efforts are in themselves quality sessions. If the pulse rate has not recovered to 120 beats per minute in the rest times given, the recovery period should be extended before the repetitions are started. The recovery times between the repetitions should be strictly adhered to. These workouts make a refreshing change from repetition running. When all five sessions are completed within a month, experience shows substantial improvements in performance.

The effect of altitude

VO2 max decreases as altitude increases above 1600m and for every 1000m above 1600m maximal oxygen uptake decreases by approximately 8-11%. The decrease is mainly due to a decrease in maximal cardiac output (product of heart rate and stroke volume). Stoke volume decreases due to the immediate decrease in blood plasma volume.

VO2max Assessment

The VO2max assessment is based on the Cooper VO2max tables and comprises of the following grades: Very Poor, Poor, Fair, Good, Excellent and Superior.

For an evaluation of your VO2max select the age group and gender, enter your VO2max and then select the 'Calculate' button.

Age Gender Vo2max ml/kg/min
   
Assessment -

Normative data for VO2max

Female (values in ml/kg/min)

Age Very Poor Poor Fair Good Excellent Superior
13-19 <25.0 25.0 - 30.9 31.0 - 34.9 35.0 - 38.9 39.0 - 41.9 >41.9
20-29 <23.6 23.6 - 28.9 29.0 - 32.9 33.0 - 36.9 37.0 - 41.0 >41.0
30-39 <22.8 22.8 - 26.9 27.0 - 31.4 31.5 - 35.6 35.7 - 40.0 >40.0
40-49 <21.0 21.0 - 24.4 24.5 - 28.9 29.0 - 32.8 32.9 - 36.9 >36.9
50-59 <20.2 20.2 - 22.7 22.8 - 26.9 27.0 - 31.4 31.5 - 35.7 >35.7
60+ <17.5 17.5 - 20.1 20.2 - 24.4 24.5 - 30.2 30.3 - 31.4 >31.4

Male (values in ml/kg/min)

Age Very Poor Poor Fair Good Excellent Superior
13-19 <35.0 35.0 - 38.3 38.4 - 45.1 45.2 - 50.9 51.0 - 55.9 >55.9
20-29 <33.0 33.0 - 36.4 36.5 - 42.4 42.5 - 46.4 46.5 - 52.4 >52.4
30-39 <31.5 31.5 - 35.4 35.5 - 40.9 41.0 - 44.9 45.0 - 49.4 >49.4
40-49 <30.2 30.2 - 33.5 33.6 - 38.9 39.0 - 43.7 43.8 - 48.0 >48.0
50-59 <26.1 26.1 - 30.9 31.0 - 35.7 35.8 - 40.9 41.0 - 45.3 >45.3
60+ <20.5 20.5 - 26.0 26.1 - 32.2 32.3 - 36.4 36.5 - 44.2 >44.2

Table Reference: The Physical Fitness Specialist Certification Manual, The Cooper Institute for Aerobics Research, Dallas TX, revised 1997 printed in Advance Fitness Assessment & Exercise Prescription, 3rd Edition, Vivian H. Heyward, 1998.p48

% MHR and %VO2max

It is possible to estimate your exercise intensity as a percentage of VO2max from your training heart rate. David Swain (1994) and his US based research team using statistical procedures examined the relationship between %MHR and %VO2max. Their results led to the following regression equation:

  • %MHR = 0.64 × %VO2max + 37

The relationship has been shown to hold true across sex, age and activity.

Calculator

The following calculator will do the conversion for you. Enter a value, select the parameter (MHR or VO2max) and then select the "Calculate" button.

Value = %
   
= %

%VO2max and Speed

% of VO2max Speed
50 Very slow running
60 Slow running
70 Steady running
80 Half Marathon speed
90 10 km speed
95 5 km speed
100 3 km speed
110 1500 metres to 800 metres speed

Free Calculator

  • %VO2max to %MHR Calculator - a free Microsoft Excel spreadsheet which you can download and use on your computer. The spreadsheet will be loaded into a new window.

Related Research Papers

  • Swain et al (1994) 'Target HR for the development of CV fitness' - Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 26(1), 112-116
  • Wilmore JH and Costill DL. (2005) Physiology of Sport and Exercise: 3rd Edition. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics
  • Sjodin B, Svedenhag J. Oxygen uptake during running as related to body mass in circumpubertal boys: a longitudinal study. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol. 1992;65(2):150-7
  • Saltin B, Rowell LB. Functional adaptations to physical activity and inactivity. Federation Proceeding. 1980 Apr;39(5):1506-13
  • Gollnick PD, Armstrong RB, Saubert CW 4th, Piehl K, Saltin B. Enzyme activity and fiber composition in skeletal muscle of untrained and trained men. J Appl Physiol. 1972 Sep;33(3):312-9
  • Jackson AS, Beard EF, Wier LT, Ross RM, Stuteville JE, Blair SN. Changes in aerobic power of men, ages 25-70 yr. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1995 Jan;27(1):113-20
  • Sports Med 2003; 33(7): 517-538
  • Sports Med 2004; 34(14): 967-981

Beginning Jogging and Running

Beginning Jogging and Running

The book covers nearly every bit of information you ever wanted to know about how to start jogging and running the right way.

Learn how to prepare your body for jogging, what you need to do to keep safe and how to stay motivated

Select this link for more information on "Beginning Jogging and Running".
Endurance

Training for Endurance

Many sporting events are won or lost in the closing stages of the competition - you can be in with a chance as the finishing line looms, only to see others power past you at the crucial moment. That is why it is so important that an athlete has significant amounts of endurance to call on.

Select this link for more information on "Training for Endurance".

Associated Pages

The following Sports Coach pages should be read in conjunction with this page:

Associated Books

The following books provide more information related to this topic:

  • Principles of Anatomy and Physiology, G.J. Tortora et al., ISBN 0 06 046704 5
  • Strength Training Anatomy, F. Delavier, ISBN 0 7360 4185 0
  • Atlas of Skeletal Muscles, R.J. Stone et al., ISBN 0 697 13790 2
  • The Muscle Book, P. Blakey, ISBN 1 873017 00 6
  • Advanced Studies in Physical Education and Sport, P Beashel et al., ISBN 0 17 4482345
  • Physical Education and the Study of Sport, B. Davis et al., ISBN 0 7234 31752
  • Essentials of Exercise Physiology, W.D. McArdle et al., ISBN 0 683 30507 7
  • Physical Education and Sport Studies, D. Roscoe et al., ISBN 1 901424 20 0
  • The World of Sport Examined, P. Beashel et al., ISBN 0 17 438719 9
  • Advanced PE for Edexcel, F. Galligan et al., ISBN 0 435 50643 9
  • Examining Physical Education, K. Bizley, ISBN 0 435 50660 9
  • Sport and PE, K Wesson et al., ISBN 0 340 683821
  • PE for you, J. Honeybourne, ISBN 0 7487 3277 2