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Movement Analysis
Analysis of Sprinting
The leg action in running is one that takes place in a sagittal plane about a transverse axis and involves the hip, knee and ankle joints.
The bones of the hip involved are the femur and pelvic girdle which form a ball and socket joint.
The bones of the knee involved are the femur and tibia which form a hinge joint.
The bones of the ankle involved are the tibia and calcaneus which form a modified joint.
Each of these joints produces two actions, one when the leg is in contact with the ground (driving phase) and one when the leg is not in contact with the ground (recovery phase).
Driving Phase
Joints involved |
Action |
Agonist Muscle |
Hip |
|
Gluteal muscles (gluteus maximus and gluteus minimus) and Hamstrings (biceps femoris, semimembranosus, semitendinosus) |
Knee |
|
Quadriceps group of muscles (rectus femoris, vastus medialis, vastus lateralis and vastus intermedialis) |
Ankle |
|
Gastrocnemius |
Recovery phase
Joints involved |
Action |
Agonist Muscle |
Hip |
|
Iliopsoas |
Knee |
|
Hamstrings (biceps femoris, semimembranosus, semitendinosus) |
Ankle |
|
Tibialis anterior |
Analysis of Throwing
Throwing comprises of two phases, the preparatory phase and the throwing phase.
Most actions are rotational in the transverse plane and longitudinal axis and the two joints primarily involved are the elbow and shoulder.
The elbow is a hinge joint formed by the humerus and ulna.
The shoulder is a ball and socket joint formed between the humerus and the scapula. |
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Preparatory phase
Joints involved |
Articulating bones |
Action |
Agonist Muscle |
Shoulder |
Humerus and scapula |
Horizontal hyperextension |
Posterior deltoids and latissimus dorsi |
Elbow |
Humerus and ulna |
Extension |
Triceps brachii |
Throwing phase
Joints involved |
Articulating bones |
Action |
Agonist Muscle |
Shoulder |
Humerus and scapula |
Horizontal flexion |
Anterior deltoids and Pectoralis major |
Elbow |
Humerus and ulna |
Flexion |
Biceps brachii |
Analysis of racket strokes
There are two phases to striking a ball with a racket, the preparatory phase and the striking phase.
Most actions are rotational in the transverse plane and longitudinal axis and the three joints concerned are the wrist, elbow and the shoulder
The elbow is a hinge joint formed by the humerus and ulna.
The shoulder is a ball and socket joint formed between the humerus and the scapula
The wrist forms a condyloid joint between the ulna and carpal bones |
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Preparatory Phase
Joints involved |
Articulating bones |
Action |
Agonist Muscle |
Wrist |
Ulna and carpal
Radius and ulna |
Supination |
Supinator |
Elbow |
Humerus and ulna |
Extension |
Triceps brachii |
Shoulder |
Humerus and scapula |
Horizontal hyperextension |
Posterior deltoid and latissimus dorsi |
Striking Phase
Joints involved |
Articulating bones |
Action |
Agonist Muscle |
Wrist |
Ulna and carpal
Radius and ulna |
Pronation |
Pronator teres |
Elbow |
Humerus and ulna |
Flexion |
Biceps brachii |
Shoulder |
Humerus and scapula |
Horizontal flexion |
Pectoralis major and Anterior deltoid |
Trunk |
|
Rotation |
External obliques |
Analysis of jumping
The action in jumping is one that takes place in a sagittal plane about a transverse axis and involves the hip, knee and ankle joints.
The bones of the hip involved are the femur and pelvic girdle which form a ball and socket joint.
The bones of the knee involved are the femur and tibia which form a hinge joint.
The bones of the ankle involved are the tibia and calcaneus which form a modified joint. |
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Joints involved |
Action |
Agonist Muscle |
Hip |
|
Gluteal muscles (gluteus maximus and gluteus minimus) and Hamstrings (biceps femoris, semimembranosus, semitendinosus) |
Knee |
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Quadriceps group of muscles (rectus femoris, vastus medialis, vastus lateralis and vastus intermedialis) |
Ankle |
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Gastrocnemius |
Analysis of Kicking
The action in kicking is one that takes place in a sagittal plane about a transverse axis and involves the hip, knee and ankle joints.
The bones of the hip involved are the femur and pelvic girdle which form a ball and socket joint.
The bones of the knee involved are the femur and tibia which form a hinge joint.
The bones of the ankle involved are the tibia and calcaneus which form a modified joint.
Kicking comprises of two phases, the preparatory phase and the kicking phase. |
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Preparatory Phase
Joints involved |
Action |
Agonist Muscle |
Hip |
|
Gluteal muscles (gluteus maximus and gluteus minimus) |
Knee |
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Hamstrings (biceps femoris, semimembranosus, semitendinosus) |
Ankle |
|
Gastrocnemius |
Kicking phase
Joints involved |
Action |
Agonist Muscle |
Hip |
|
Iliopsoas |
Knee |
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Quadriceps group of muscles (rectus femoris, vastus medialis, vastus lateralis and vastus intermedialis) |
Ankle |
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Gastrocnemius |
Associated Pages
The following Sports Coach pages should be read in conjunction with this page:
Associated Books
The following books provide more information related to this topic:
- Principles of Anatomy and Physiology, G.J. Tortora et al., ISBN 0 06 046704 5
- Strength Training Anatomy, F. Delavier, ISBN 0 7360 4185 0
- Atlas of Skeletal Muscles, R.J. Stone et al., ISBN 0 697 13790 2
- The Muscle Book, P. Blakey, ISBN 1 873017 00 6
- Advanced Studies in Physical Education and Sport, P Beashel et al., ISBN 0 17 4482345
- Physical Education and the Study of Sport, B. Davis et al., ISBN 0 7234 31752
- Essentials of Exercise Physiology, W.D. McArdle et al., ISBN 0 683 30507 7
- Physical Education and Sport Studies, D. Roscoe et al., ISBN 1 901424 20 0
- The World of Sport Examined, P. Beashel et al., ISBN 0 17 438719 9
- Advanced PE for Edexcel, F. Galligan et al., ISBN 0 435 50643 9
- Examining Physical Education, K. Bizley, ISBN 0 435 50660 9
- Sport and PE, K Wesson et al., ISBN 0 340 683821
- PE for you, J. Honeybourne, ISBN 0 7487 3277 2
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